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sukeert — Sun, 17 Aug 2008 05:07:52 CDT

Historical Places of Germany

sukeert — Mon, 30 Jun 2008 02:48:10 CDT

1. Aachen
This city is literally breathing old European history. It was from here, that mighty Charlemagne reigned his vast imperium that he had unified in the name of Christianity. One can still find many traces of this important man throughout Aachen. Magnificent Aachen Cathedral, for example, which he had built during his reign or Karlsplatz, a square in the old part of town.
2. Lubeck
This city, which can be recognized from quite far away by its seven high spires, has been the queen of all hanseatic towns since the middle ages. At that time, Lubeck was the leading city within the hanseatic union. Today, it has gone back to these roots. In 2005, a replica of an old “kraweel”, a traditional hanseatic merchant ship, was built and can be looked at even today. Every year, crowds of tourists come here to marvel at Lubeck`s old town. In doing so, they can walk through low and narrow lanes and enter some old town houses, in which one can relive the days of yore. Parts of the old town were even listed with the UNESCO´s world cultural heritage at the end of the 1980s. Behind all these historical walls, however, new ideas have always been developed, in order to make the city even more appealing. Since 2002, the “Sandworld” event takes place in nearby Travemunde, displaying enormous sand sculptures, which are all built according to the same motto. In winter, its matching counterpart is presented in the city centre of Lubeck, called “Iceworld” in which the artworks are made of ice.
3. Frankfurt
The cityscape of Frankfurt is marked by the office and bank towers of the town’s big enterprises. Due to its impressive skyline, the city on the River Main was given the term of endearment “Mainhattan”. Here, Germany’s economic heart beats, and has done so for centuries. Already in the Middle Ages, the city was an impor tant point of intersection of Europe’s commercial routes. In the Town hall of Frankfurt, the “Römer”, the German emperors were crowned. But not only is the history of this metropolis astonishing. Frankfurt’s museums, for example, present many offers to art and culture-lovers. Today, around 60 larger and smaller museums and exhibition halls exist in Frankfurt, reaching from universal art museums to special collections. Tourists and local people alike enjoy music and pretzels in the countless pubs, where the regional speciality “Aeppelwoi” (apple cider) is served.
4. Hamburg
‘Germany’s Gate to the World’ – this is how Hamburg is known. The harbour of the metropolis on the River Elbe is one of the largest and most important in Europe. Visitors shouldn’t miss a round trip through the harbour. But on top of that, Germany’s second-largest city offers quite a lot apart from its quays. Not only historical sights like the “Michel”, the Cathedral of St. Michael s, the Town Hall or the old warehouses in the ‘Speicherstadt’ are worth seeing, but also numerous museums or the elegant shopping malls and passages of the city centre. Moreover, there is ample space for recreation within the city limits. Hamburg is the greenest city in Germany with the River Alster in its heart, and a great number of parks and gardens. In the evening, countless musicals of international reputation can be enjoyed – just like the city’s world-famous nightlife. The legendary quarters of St. Pauli, Ottensen and Schanzenviertel all dedicate themselves intensively to culture and nightlife.
5. Dresden
Dresden is considered by many to be one of the most beautiful cities in Germany. Located on the Elbe River on the edge of the Saxony forest, the city is often referred to as "Elbflorenz" , (Florence on the Elbe). Founded in 1206 and recognized as a World Heritage Site, Dresden is absolutely full of great sights to see and has an incredible ambiance. Completely destroyed during the bombing raids of WWII, the city's historic buildings have been restored to their former splendour and the museums house a wide array of priceless items. Only 75 miles from Prague, Dresden retains all the flair of old Europe. The Altstadt and Neustadt, on opposite sides of the river are beautiful examples of Baroque architecture and offer plenty of lovely restaurants, shops and picturesque streets to wander. Hamburg (Historical)- ‘Germany’s Gate to the World’ – this is how

Maths

sukeert — Mon, 30 Jun 2008 02:44:02 CDT

Here are some important points of chapter 1, 2, 3 of the NCERT textbook of class nine.
Chapter 1
1. A number r is called a rational number, if it can be written in the form p/q, where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0
2. A number s is called a rational number, it cannot be written in the form p/q, where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0
3. The decimal expansion of a rational number is either terminating or non terminating recurring. Moreover a number whose decimal expansion is terminating or non-terminating recurring is rational.
4. The decimal expansion of an irrational number is non-terminating non-recurring. Moreover a number whose decimal expansion is non-terminating non-recurring is irrational.
5. All the rational and irrational numbers make up the collection of real numbers.
6. There is a unique real number corresponding to every point on the number line. Also corresponding to each real number, there is a unique point on the number line.
7. If r is rational and s is irrational, then r +s and r –s are irrational numbers, and rs and r/s are irrational numbers, r ≠0
8. For positive real numbers a and b, the following identities hold:
(i) √ab = √a√b
(ii) √a/b = √a/√b
(iii) (√a + √b) (√a - √b) = a - b
(iv) (a + √b) (a - √b) = a2 – b (v) (√a + √b)2 = a + 2√ab + b
9. To rationalize the denominator of 1/√a + b, we multiply this by √a – b/√a – b, where a and b are integers.
10. Let a > 0 be a real number and p and q be rational numbers. Then
(i) ap. aq = ap+q
(ii) (ap)q = apq
(iii) ap/ aq = ap-q
(iv) apbp = (ab)p
Chapter 2
1. A polynomial p(x) in one variable x is an algebraic expression in x of the form p(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + . . . +a2x2 + a1x + a0, where a0, a1, a2, . .., an are constants and an ≠ 0. a0, a1, a2, . .., an are respectively the ‘coefficients’ of x0, x, x2, . . ., xn, and n is called the degree of the polynomial. Each of anxn, an-1xn-1, . . . , a0, with an ≠ 0, is called a ‘term’ of the polynomial p(x). 2. A polynomial of one term is called a monomial.
3. A polynomial of two terms is called a binomial.
4. A polynomial of three terms is called a trinomial.
5. A polynomial of degree one is called a linear polynomial.
6. A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial.
7. A polynomial of degree three is called a cubic polynomial.
8. A real number ‘a’ is a zero of a polynomial p(x) if p(a) = 0. In this case, a is also called a root of the equation p(x) = 0.
9. Every linear polynomial in one variable has a unique zero, a non-zero constant polynomial has no zero, and every real number is a zero of the zero polynomial.
10. Remainder Theorem: If p(x) is any variable of degree greater than or equal to 1 and p(x) is divided by the linear polynomial x – a, then the remainder is p(a).
11. Factor Theorem: x – a is a factor of the polynomial p(x), if p(a) = 0. Also if x – a is a factor of p(x), then p(a) = 0.
12. (x + y + z)2 = x2+y2+z2+2xy+2yx+2xz
13. (x + y)3= x3+y3+3xy(x + y)
14. (x – y)3= x3-y3-3xy(x – y) 15. x3 + y3 + z3- 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x2+y2+z2-xy-yz-xz)
Chapter 3
1. To locate the position of an object or a point in a plane, we require two perpendicular lines. One of them is horizontal and the other is vertical.
2. The plane is called the Cartesian, or coordinate plane and the lines are called the coordinate axes.
3. The horizontal line is called x –axis and the vertical line is called the y –axis. 4. The coordinate axes divide the plane into four parts called quadrants.
5. The point of intersection of the axes is called the origin.
6. The distance of a point from the y –axis is called its x coordinate, or abscissa, and the distance of the point from the x –axis is called its y coordinate, or ordinate.
7. If the abscissa of a point is x and the ordinate is y, then (x, y) are called the coordinates of the point.
8. The coordinates of a point on the x –axis are of the form (x, 0) and that of the point on the y –axis are (0, y).
9. The coordinates of the origin are (0, 0).
10. The coordinates of a point are of the form (+, +) in the first quadrant, (-, +) in the second quadrant, (-, -) in the third quadrant an (+, -) in the fourth quadrant where + denotes a positive real number and – denotes a negative real number.
11. If x ≠ y, then (x,y) ≠ (y,x) and (x,y) = (y,x), if x = y.

Amphibia

sukeert — Mon, 30 Jun 2008 02:21:29 CDT

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Amphibia
Subclasses and orders
Order Temnospondyli- Extinct
Subclass Lepospondyli- Extinct
Subclass Lissamphibia-
Order Anura
Order Caudata
Order Gymnophiona
Amphibians (class Amphibia; from Greek αμφις "both" and βιος "life") are a taxon of animals that include all living tetrapods (four-legged vertebrates) that do not have amniotic eggs, are ectothermic (term for the animals whose body heat is regulated by the external environment; previously known as cold-blooded), and generally spend part of their time on land. Most amphibians do not have the adaptations to an entirely terrestrial existence found in most other modern tetrapods (amniotes). There are around 6,000 described, living species of amphibians. The study of amphibians and reptiles is known as herpetology. Amphibians are able to breathe through their skin.

Studies

sukeert — Mon, 30 Jun 2008 01:58:13 CDT

Here you will find information on all types of subjects like Science, Maths, Social Sciences etc.

Scroll down through the scroll bar on the left for the information you need.

Kindly contact me at sukeert@gmail.com for more information related to studies.

Science

sukeert — Sat, 13 Oct 2007 00:35:16 CDT

Here you will find information on vaious branches of Science. To get informations, just click on the branch you want on the menu on the left side.

Fractional Distillation

sukeert — Sat, 13 Oct 2007 00:33:31 CDT

Fractional Distillation

Photo courtesy Phillips Petroleum
Distillation columns in an oil refinery

The various components of crude oil have different sizes, weights and boiling temperatures; so, the first step is to separate these components. Because they have different boiling temperatures, they can be separated easily by a process called fractional distillation. The steps of fractional distillation are as follows: 1. You heat the mixture of two or more substances (liquids) with different boiling points to a high temperature. Heating is usually done with high pressure steam to temperatures of about 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 600 degrees Celsius. 2. The mixture boils, forming vapor (gases); most substances go into the vapor phase. 3. The vapor enters the bottom of a long column (fractional distillation column) that is filled with trays or plates. · The trays have many holes or bubble caps (like a loosened cap on a soda bottle) in them to allow the vapor to pass through. · The trays increase the contact time between the vapor and the liquids in the column. · The trays help to collect liquids that form at various heights in the column. · There is a temperature difference across the column (hot at the bottom, cool at the top). 4. The vapor rises in the column. 5. As the vapor rises through the trays in the column, it cools. 6. When a substance in the vapor reaches a height where the temperature of the column is equal to that substance's boiling point, it will condense to form a liquid. (The substance with the lowest boiling point will condense at the highest point in the column; substances with higher boiling points will condense lower in the column.). 7. The trays collect the various liquid fractions. 8. The collected liquid fractions may: · pass to condensers, which cool them further, and then go to storage tanks · go to other areas for further chemical processing Fractional distillation is useful for separating a mixture of substances with narrow differences in boiling points, and is the most important step in the refining process.
The oil refining process starts with a fractional distillation column. On the right, you can see several chemical processors that are described in the next section. Very few of the components come out of the fractional distillation column ready for market. Many of them must be chemically processed to make other fractions. For example, only 40% of distilled crude oil is gasoline; however, gasoline is one of the major products made by oil companies. Rather than continually distilling large quantities of crude oil, oil companies chemically process some other fractions from the distillation column to make gasoline; this processing increases the yield of gasoline from each barrel of crude oil.

Order Gymnophiona

sukeert — Fri, 12 Oct 2007 07:38:17 CDT

Order Gymnophiona (Caecilians)
The Caecilians are an order (Gymnophiona or Apoda) of amphibians that resemble earthworms or snakes. They mostly live hidden in the ground which makes them the least explored order of amphibians, and widely unknown.
Caecilians completely lack limbs, making the smaller species resemble worms, while the larger species with lengths up to 1.5 m resemble snakes. The tail is short and the cloaca is near the end of the body. Their skin is smooth and usually dark-matte, but some species have colorful skins. Inside the skin are calcite scales, which suggests that they are related to the fossil Stegocephalia. However the scales are now believed to be a secondary development, and not directly inherited from Stegocephalia. Due to their underground life the eyes are small and covered by skin for protection, which have led to the misconception that they are blind. However due to the skin cover their visual sense is limited to simple dark-light perception. All Caecilians share two tentacles at their head, which are probably used for a second olfactory capability in addition to the normal sense of smell based in the nose.
Except for one lungless species - Atretochoana eiselti, only known from a single specimen collected somewhere in South America - all Caecilians have lungs, but also use the skin or the mouth for oxygen absorption. Often the left lung is much smaller than the right one, an adaptation to body shape that is also found in snakes.

Order Caudata

sukeert — Fri, 12 Oct 2007 07:36:37 CDT

Order Caudata (Salamanders)
Salamander (orig. from Persian: sām, Fire, and andarūn, Within) is the common name applied to approximately 500 species of amphibians with slender bodies, short legs, and long tails. The moist skin of the amphibians makes them particularly suited for habitats near water or under some protection on moist ground, usually in a swamp. Some species are aquat ic throughout life, some take to the water intermittently, and some are entirely terrestrial as adults. Salamanders are not member of the lizard family. They are capable of regenerating lost limbs. The earliest known salamander date back 161 million years, and were very similar to modern members of the Cryptobranchoidea.
The name derives from an old belief that salamanders could walk through fire, which is false.

Order Anura

sukeert — Fri, 12 Oct 2007 07:34:18 CDT

Order Anura (Frogs and Toads) The order Anura contains 5,250 species in 33 families, of which the Leptodactylidae (1100 spp.), Hylidae (800 spp.) and Ranidae (750 spp.) are the richest in species. About 88% of amphibian species are frogs. The use of the common names "frog" and "toad" has no taxonomic justification. From a taxonomic perspective, all members of the order Anura are frogs, but only members of the family Bufonidae are considered "true toads". The use of the term "frog" in common names usually refers to species that are aquatic or semi-aquatic with smooth and/or moist skins, and the term "toad" generally refers to species that tend to be terrestrial with dry, warty skin. An exception is the Fire-bellied toad (Bombina bombina): while its skin is slightly warty, it prefers a watery habitat. The frog is an amphibian in the order Anura (meaning "tail-less" from Greek an-, without + oura, tail), formerly referred to as Salientia (Latin saltare, to jump). Adult frogs are characterised by long hind legs, a short body, webbed digits, protruding eyes and the absence of a tail. Most frogs have a semi-aquatic lifestyle, but move easily on land by jumping or climbing. They typically lay their eggs in puddles, ponds or lakes; and their larvae, called tadpoles, have gills and develop in water. Adult frogs follow a carnivorous diet, mostly of arthropods, annelids and gastropods. Frogs are most noticeable by their call, which can be widely heard during the night or day, mainly in their mating season. Frogs and toads are broadly classified into three suborders: Archaeobatrachia, which includes four families of primitive frogs; Mesobatrachia, which includes five families of more evolutionary intermediate frogs; and Neobatrachia, by far the largest group, which contains the remaining 24 families of "modern" frogs, including most common species throughout the world. The Neobatrachia is further divided into the Hyloidea and Ranoidea.[3] This classification is based on such morphological features as the number of vertebrae, the structure of the pectoral girdle, and the morphology of tadpoles. While this classification is largely accepted, relationships among families of frogs are still debated. Future studies of molecular genetics should soon provide further insights to the evolutionary relationships among frog families.[4] Some species of anurans hybridise readily. For instance, the Edible Frog (Rana esculenta) is a hybrid of the Pool Frog (R. lessonae) and the Marsh Frog (R. ridibunda). Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata similarly form hybrids, although these are less fertile, giving rise to a hybrid zone.

Classification

sukeert — Fri, 12 Oct 2007 07:27:48 CDT

Classification
Traditionally the amphibians have included all tetrapods that are not amniotes. They are divided into three subclasses:
• Subclass Labyrinthodontia (diverse Paleozoic and early Mesozoic group)
• Subclass Lepospondyli (small Paleozoic group)
• Subclass Lissamphibia (frogs, salamanders, etc)
Of these only the last includes recent species.
With the cladistic revolution, this classification has been modified, and the Labyrinthodontia discarded as being a paraphyletic group without unique defining features apart from shared primitive characteristics. Classification varies according to the preferred phylogeny of the author, and whether they use a stem-based or node-based classification. Generally amphibians are defined as the group that includes the common ancestors of all living amphibians (frogs, salamanders, etc) and all their descendants. This may also include extinct groups like the temnospondyls (traditionally placed in the disbanded subclass "labyrinthodontia"), and the Lepospondyls. This means that there are a now large number of basal Devonian and Carboniferous tetrapod groups, described as "amphibians" in earlier books, that are no longer placed in the formal Amphibia.
All recent amphibians are included in the Lissamphibia, which is usually considered a clade (which means that it is thought that all Lissamphibians evolved from a common ancestor apart from other extinct groups), although it has also been suggested also that salamanders arose separately from a temnospondyl-like ancestor (Carroll, 2007).
The Lissamphibia are traditionally divided into three orders, but an extinct salamander-like group, the Albanerpetontidae, is now considered in addition to the other three groups. The three orders of Lissamphibia are: -
• Order Anura (frogs and toads): Jurassic to recent - 5,362 recent species
• Order Caudata or Urodela (salamanders): Jurassic to recent - 556 recent species
• Order Gymnophiona or Apoda (caecilians): Jurassic to recent - 173 recent species

Biology

sukeert — Fri, 12 Oct 2007 07:24:56 CDT

Here you will find informations on Biology

Cartoons

sukeert — Sat, 29 Sep 2007 02:14:18 CDT

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Auto News

farhan_sunny — Sat, 25 Aug 2007 05:37:43 CDT

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Geographical Places of Germany

sukeert — Tue, 24 Jul 2007 07:29:25 CDT

1. Hanover (Geographical)- The provincial capital Hanover lies right in the heart of Lower Saxony. It offers a great many historical buildings, as the Opera house, the Market Church and the Old Town Hall. Everyone can relax while taking a walk through the Herrenhäuser Gardens, the large city forest, or the Tiergarten, a forest of recreation. But despite these leisure areas, most people associate the name of Hanover with its Fair. Every March, the famous CeBIT fair takes place in town, being regarded as the world’s largest computer fair. Hanover is one of the most important trade fair locations in the world. In the year 2000, the world’s fair Expo was organized here. Today, a part of its ground is being used as a modern service, educational and research centre in the media field, called “Expo-Mediapark”.
2. Munich (Geographical)- Munich is one of the most popular destinations in the country – both for German and foreign tourists. Every year, the world’s biggest folk festival, Oktoberfest attracts around seven million visitors looking for a decent beer and the well-known Bavarian serenity. The enormous collection of technological exhibits presented in the Deutsches Museum (“German Museum“) fascinates visitors in the same way as the collections of modern and classical artworks in the Neue and Alte Pinakothek. In the summer, people like to sunbathe in the Englischer Garten, or have a drink in the cosy atmosphere of one of the great many beer gardens. As Munich is quite close to the Bavarian mountains, the alpine world invites tourists to spend some leisure time here – in summer, one can go hiking, mountain biking, or do water sports on the Bavarian lakes, and in winter one may opt for skiing and snowboarding .
3. Berlin (Geographical)- Berlin is the capital of Germany. It has become the cultural centre of Germany and Europe after its eastern and western part have grown together again. In doing so, the city is always in a vibrant state. Almost hectic building activities and restlessly moving people promote the city’s constant change, and its quick pace. Apart from this vibrant liveliness, visitors will also find a multitude of fascinating sights, like the German Reichstag parliament, the Brandenburg Gate and the reconstructed Potsdamer Platz. Moreover, numerous parks and green areas in the city invite people to relax. The capital’s cultural scene bears comparison with any city in the world; Berlin has numberless museums, a living and creative artists` scene of visual artists, musicians, and writers. Visitors, however, are often attracted by Berlin’s diversified nightlife, or its various shopping options.
4. Stuttgart (geographical)- When it comes to Stuttgart, motorists think of car makers like Mercedes and Porsche. On the other hand, Swabia’s ‘Spaetzle’, a special kind of homemade pasta, and its wines make a gourmet’s meal. For culture-lovers, this town features a great variety of reknowned museums, art exhibitions and theatre plays. If one likes music, he will love Stuttgart. The Stuttgart Opera and the International Bach Academy are only two examples of the internationally famous specialities of the Swabian metropolis – in short, the international music scene plays here. If one prefers silent places, he will enjoy Stuttgart, too. It is among the greenest large cities of Europe, embedded in vineyards and forests. Today, its two town castles are highlights of a trip to Stuttgart.
5. Düsseldorf (geographical)- Düsseldorf's elegant side is typified by the upmarket Königsallee shopping street, while the Gehry buildings in Media Harbour represent modern Düsseldorf. There are more than 260 bars and restaurants in the old quarter. With outstanding museums, theatres, concert halls and galleries, Düsseldorf also has an international reputation as a centre for art and culture. Located directly on the Rhine River, in the Rhine Valley, a few km from Cologne and Bonn, Düsseldorf is the capital of North Rhine Westphalia and home to almost almost 600,000 people. The city seems to be built on the river and is not far from the industrial centers of the Ruhr Valley. Midway between Frankfurt and Hamburg, the city has gained prominence because of its excellent location for commerce.

Geography

sukeert — Tue, 24 Jul 2007 07:24:31 CDT

Here you will find information related to geography. At present you will find information on geographical places of Germany.

History

sukeert — Tue, 24 Jul 2007 07:05:20 CDT

Here you will find information related to History. At present you will have information about the historical places of Germany.

Social Sciences

sukeert — Tue, 24 Jul 2007 07:03:43 CDT

Here you will find the informations you require about History, Geography, Civics, Economics and Disaster management.

Shin Chan

sukeert — Thu, 19 Jul 2007 05:55:38 CDT

Tom and Jerry

sukeert — Thu, 19 Jul 2007 05:50:47 CDT